An Open Letter...

An Open Letter to the Scientific Community
cosmologystatement.org

(Published in New Scientist, May 22, 2004)

The big bang today relies on a growing number of hypothetical entities, things that we have never observed-- inflation, dark matter and dark energy are the most prominent examples. Without them, there would be a fatal contradiction between the observations made by astronomers and the predictions of the big bang theory. In no other field of physics would this continual recourse to new hypothetical objects be accepted as a way of bridging the gap between theory and observation. It would, at the least, raise serious questions about the validity of the underlying theory.

But the big bang theory can't survive without these fudge factors. Without the hypothetical inflation field, the big bang does not predict the smooth, isotropic cosmic background radiation that is observed, because there would be no way for parts of the universe that are now more than a few degrees away in the sky to come to the same temperature and thus emit the same amount of microwave radiation.

Without some kind of dark matter, unlike any that we have observed on Earth despite 20 years of experiments, big-bang theory makes contradictory predictions for the density of matter in the universe. Inflation requires a density 20 times larger than that implied by big bang nucleosynthesis, the theory's explanation of the origin of the light elements. And without dark energy, the theory predicts that the universe is only about 8 billion years old, which is billions of years younger than the age of many stars in our galaxy.

What is more, the big bang theory can boast of no quantitative predictions that have subsequently been validated by observation. The successes claimed by the theory's supporters consist of its ability to retrospectively fit observations with a steadily increasing array of adjustable parameters, just as the old Earth-centered cosmology of Ptolemy needed layer upon layer of epicycles.

Yet the big bang is not the only framework available for understanding the history of the universe. Plasma cosmology and the steady-state model both hypothesize an evolving universe without beginning or end. These and other alternative approaches can also explain the basic phenomena of the cosmos, including the abundances of light elements, the generation of large-scale structure, the cosmic background radiation, and how the redshift of far-away galaxies increases with distance. They have even predicted new phenomena that were subsequently observed, something the big bang has failed to do.

Supporters of the big bang theory may retort that these theories do not explain every cosmological observation. But that is scarcely surprising, as their development has been severely hampered by a complete lack of funding. Indeed, such questions and alternatives cannot even now be freely discussed and examined. An open exchange of ideas is lacking in most mainstream conferences. Whereas Richard Feynman could say that "science is the culture of doubt", in cosmology today doubt and dissent are not tolerated, and young scientists learn to remain silent if they have something negative to say about the standard big bang model. Those who doubt the big bang fear that saying so will cost them their funding.

Even observations are now interpreted through this biased filter, judged right or wrong depending on whether or not they support the big bang. So discordant data on red shifts, lithium and helium abundances, and galaxy distribution, among other topics, are ignored or ridiculed. This reflects a growing dogmatic mindset that is alien to the spirit of free scientific inquiry.

Today, virtually all financial and experimental resources in cosmology are devoted to big bang studies. Funding comes from only a few sources, and all the peer-review committees that control them are dominated by supporters of the big bang. As a result, the dominance of the big bang within the field has become self-sustaining, irrespective of the scientific validity of the theory.

Giving support only to projects within the big bang framework undermines a fundamental element of the scientific method -- the constant testing of theory against observation. Such a restriction makes unbiased discussion and research impossible. To redress this, we urge those agencies that fund work in cosmology to set aside a significant fraction of their funding for investigations into alternative theories and observational contradictions of the big bang. To avoid bias, the peer review committee that allocates such funds could be composed of astronomers and physicists from outside the field of cosmology.

Allocating funding to investigations into the big bang's validity, and its alternatives, would allow the scientific process to determine our most accurate model of the history of the universe.

Signed:
(Institutions for identification only)
Highlighted names are linked to related web pages

Halton Arp, Max-Planck-Institute Fur Astrophysik (Germany)
Andre Koch Torres Assis, State University of Campinas (Brazil)
Yuri Baryshev, Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University (Russia)
Ari Brynjolfsson, Applied Radiation Industries (USA)
Hermann Bondi, Churchill College, University of Cambridge (UK)
Timothy Eastman, Plasmas International (USA)
Chuck Gallo, Superconix, Inc.(USA)
Thomas Gold, Cornell University (emeritus) (USA)
Amitabha Ghosh, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (India)
Walter J. Heikkila, University of Texas at Dallas (USA)     .................................................10

Michael Ibison, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin (USA)
Thomas Jarboe, University of Washington (USA)
Jerry W. Jensen, ATK Propulsion (USA)
Menas Kafatos, George Mason University (USA)
Eric J. Lerner, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics (USA)
Paul Marmet, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (retired) (Canada)
Paola Marziani, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (Italy)
Gregory Meholic, The Aerospace Corporation (USA)
Jacques Moret-Bailly, Université Dijon (retired) (France)
Jayant Narlikar, IUCAA(emeritus) and College de France (India, France)    ........................20

Marcos Cesar Danhoni Neves, State University of Maringá (Brazil)
Charles D. Orth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA)
R. David Pace, Lyon College (USA)
Georges Paturel, Observatoire de Lyon (France)
Jean-Claude Pecker, College de France (France)
Anthony L. Peratt, Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA)
Bill Peter, BAE Systems Advanced Technologies (USA)
David Roscoe, Sheffield University (UK)
Malabika Roy, George Mason University (USA)
Sisir Roy, George Mason University (USA)     .................................................................... 30

Konrad Rudnicki, Jagiellonian University (Poland)
Domingos S.L. Soares, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Brazil)
John L. West, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (USA)
James F. Woodward, California State University, Fullerton (USA)

New signers of the Open letter since publication

Scientists and Engineers

Jorge Marao Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazi Martin John Baker, Loretto School Musselburgh, UK Peter J Carroll, Psychonaut Institute, UK Roger Y. Gouin, Ecole Superieure d'Electricite, France John Murray, Sunyata Composite Ltd, UK Jonathan Chambers, University of Sheffield, UK .................................................................	40
Michel A. Duguay, Laval University, Canada Qi Pan, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, UK Fred Rost, University of NSW (Emeritus), Australia Louis Hissink, Consulting Geologist, Australia Hetu Sheth, Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Lassi Hyvärinen, IBM(Ret), France Max Whisson, University of Melbourne, Australia R.S.Griffiths, CADAS, UK Adolf Muenker, Brane Industries, USA Emre Isik Akdeniz University Turkey ..................................	50
Felipe de Oliveira Alves, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA, France Kim George, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Tom Van Flandern, Meta Research, USA Doneley Watson, IBM (ret.), USA Fred Alan Wolf, Have Brains / Will Travel, USA Robert Wood, IEEE, Canada D. W. Harris, L-3 Communications, USA Eugene Sittampalam, Engineering consultant, Sri Lanka Joseph.B. Krieger, Brooklyn College, CUNY, USA ............................................................	60
Pablo Vasquez, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Peter F. Richiuso, NASA, KSC, USA Roger A. Rydin, University of Virginia (Emeritus), USA Stefan Rydstrom, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Sylvan J. Hotch, The MITRE Corporation (Retired), USA Thomas R. Love, CSU Dominguez Hills, USA Andrew Coles, Embedded Systems, USA Eit Gaastra, infinite universe researcher, The Netherlands Franco Selleri, Università di Bari, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy Gerald Pease, The Aerospace Corporation, USA ..............................................................	70
S.N. Arteha, Space Research Institute, Russia Miroslaw Kozlowski, Warsaw University (emeritus), Poland John Hartnett, School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Australia Robert Zubrin, Pioneer Astronautics, USA Tibor Gasparik, SUNY at Stony Brook, USA Alexandre Losev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Henry Hall, University of Manchester, UK José da Silva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Markus Rohner, Griesser AG, Switzerland William C. Mitchell, Institute for Advanced Cosmological Studies, USA .............................	80
Aurea Garcia-Rissmann, UFSC, Brazil Cristian R. Ghezzi, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil Daniel Nicolato Epitácio Pereira, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Gregory M. Salyards, US Naval Sea Systems Command (ret.), USA Luiz Carlos Barbosa, Unicamp, Brazil Luiz Carlos Jafelice, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Michael Sosteric, Athabasca University, Canada Steven Langley Guy, University of Elizabeth (Physics Department), Australia Robert Fritzius, Shade Tree Physics, USA Irineu Gomes Varella, Escola Municipal de Astrofísica, Brazil ...............................................	90
Tom Walther, Southern Cross University Australia , Australia Mauro Cosentino, University of São Paulo, Brazil Moacir Lacerda, Univeersidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Roberto Assumpcao, PUC Minas, Brazil Roberto Lopes Parra, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Ronaldo Junio Camppos Batista, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Ermenegildo Caccese, University of Basilicata, Italy Felipe Sofia Zanuzzo, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil Edival de Morais, Sociedade Brasileira de Física, Brazil Graham Coupe, KAZ Technology Services, Australia .......................................................	100
Gordon Petrie, High Altitude Observatory, NCAR, USA, Jose B. Almeida, University of Minho, Portugal, Antonio Cleiton, Laboratório de Sistemas Complexos - UFPI, Brazil Sergey Karpov, L.V.Kirensky Institute of Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Wagner Patrick Junqueira de Souza Coelho Nicácio, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Sokolov Vladimir, Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS, Russia Edwin G. Schasteen, TAP-TEN Research Foundation International, USA Gerry Zeitlin, openseti.org, USA Henry H. Bauer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USA Yasha Fard,H.R. Cosmology Institute, Canada ..................................................................	110
Roberto Caimmi, Astronomy Department, Padua University, Italy Tobias Keller, ETH (SFIT) Zurich, Earth Sciences, Switzerland, Deborah Foch, Center for the Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence, USA, Henry Reynolds, UC Santa Cruz, USA, Paramahamsa Tewari, Nuclear Power Corporation (ret.),India Jouko Seppänen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Cristiane Ribeiro Bernardes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Eric Blievernicht. TRW, USA Dr. Robert Bennett, Kolbe Center, USA, Hilton Ratcliffe, Astronomical Society of South Africa, South Africa .......................................	120
Wieslaw Sztumski, Silesian University, Poland Lars Wåhlin,Colutron Research Corporation,USA Riccardo Scarpa, European Southern Observatory, Italy, Olivier Marco, European Southern Observatory, France Joseph Garcia, International Radiation Protection, Germany, Arkadiusz Jadczyk, International Institute of Mathematical Physics, Lithuania Jean de Pontcharra, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, France Gerardus D. Bouw, Baldwin-Wallace College, USA Josef Lutz, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany, Harold E. Puthoff, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, USA. ..........................................	130
Hermann Dürkop, Nabla Systemberatung, Germany, Klaus Fischer, Universität Trier, Germany, Werner Holzmüller, University Leipzig, Germany Sol Aisenberg, International Technology Group, USA Richard Gancarczyk, University of Nottingham, UK Steve Humphry, Murdoch University, Australia Alberto Bolognesi, Università di Perugia, Italy Daniele Carosati, Armenzano Astronomical Observatory, Italy Brendan Dean, H.R. Cosmology Institute, Canada W. Jim Jastrzebski, Warsaw University, Poland ..................................................	140
Gero Rupprecht, European Southern Observatory, Germany Rainer Herrmann TEWS-Elektronik Germany Felix Pharand University of Montreal Canada Jerry Bergman Northwest State University USA Tibor Gasparik SUNY at Stony Brook USA Rei Gunn University of Nantucket USA Sinan Alis Eyuboglu Twin Observatories Turkey Esat Rennan Pekünlü University of EGE Turkey Anne M. Hofmeister Washington U. USA Quentin Foreman IEEE New Zealand ....................................................................	150
Marc Berndl University of Toronto Canada Y. P. Varshni University of Ottawa Canada Robert Martinek McMaster University Canada Bob Criss Washington University USA Sol Aisenberg, International Technology Group, USA Paul LaViolette, The Starburst Foundation, U.S.A. Seetesh Pandé, Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon France TAHIR MAQSOOD, PSA, PAKISTAN Hartmut Traunmüller, University of Stockholm, Sweden .....................................................	160
Nico F. Benschop, Amspade Research, Netherlands Aaron Blake, USAF, USA M. Ross Fergus, University of Memphis, USA Sonu Bhaskar, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India Frederico V. F., Lima Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil Andrei Kirilyuk, Institute of Metal Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine Christian Jooss, Institut fuer Materialphysik, University of Goettingen, Germany Sonu Bhaskar, BCISR, India Robert O. Myers, ROM Technologies, USA Ana Cristina Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil .....................................	170
John Wey, Idaho National Laboratory, USA Jorge Francisco Maldonado Serrano, UIS, Colombia Pasquale Galianni, Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Lecce, Italy Martín López-Corredoira, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Spain Michael A. Ivanov, Belarus State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Belarus Xiao Jianhua , Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Pierre J. Beaujon, Hoornbeeck College, The Netherlands J.Georg von Brzeski Helios Labs. USA vidyardhi nanduri , Cosmology Research center , India Mike Rotch NBSA USA .......................................................	180
Paul Noel, Independent_Researcher, USA Swee Eng, AW Royal College of Pathologists, SINGAPORE Ricardo Rodríguez , La Laguna University , Spain Linda Camp Harvard University USA James B. Schwartz , The Noah's Ark Research Foundation , Philippines Marshall Douglas Smith , TeddySpeaks Foundation ,USA Abbé Grumel , Association Copernic , France Ives van Leth Waterboard Utrecht The Netherlands Francis Michael C. Perez, Department of Transportation, USA AHMED A. EL-DASH UNICAMP BRAZIL ...................................................	190
David C Ware, University of Auckland, New Zealand Alek Atevik, Skopje Astronomy Society, Macedonia Peter Rowlands, University of Liverpool, UK Robert Day, Suntola Consulting, Ltd., USA Luís Paulo Sousa Loureiro, Portugal Maingot Fabrice, Université Louis Pasteur, France Kris Krogh, University of California, USA Pierre-Marie Robitaille, The Ohio State University, United States Charles Creager Jr, Creation Research Society, United States Stephan Gift, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago ...	200
Joseph J. Smulsky, Institute of Earth's Cryosphere Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Jorge Marao Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil Jim O'Reilly Orion Consultants USA Robert MacKay University of Warwick UK Chris Vermeulen Astronomical Society of Southern Africa South Africa Emilson Pereira Leite Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Brazil Allen W Green ATK Space Systems USA Ron Balsys Central Queensland University Australia Paul ten Boom University of New South Wales Australia Mosheh Thezion The Empirical Church, USA ..........................................	210
Markus, Karsten,, Wilhelm-Foerster-Observatory Berlin e.V Don. C. Wilson,: Process Technology and Development, USA Marek Gajewski, Raytheon Co.,USA Tuncay DOGAN, University of EGE, Turkey Andrew M Uhl, Pennsylvania State Univeristy, USA Klaus Wieder, Independent_Researcher, Germany John Caley, Omegafour Pty Ltd, Australia Keith Scott-Mumby, Capital University for Integrative Medicine/California Institute for Human Sciences, USA .............................	218

Independent Researchers

Garth A Barber, independent researcher, UK Alberto Bolognesi, Independent Researcher, Italy DEAN L MAMAS, Independent Researcher, USA David Blackford, Independent_Researcher, UK Alan Rees, Independent Researcher, Sweden Udayan Chakravarty, Independent Researcher, India Georg Gane, Independent Researcher, Germany Robin Whittle, Independent Researcher, Australi, Joseph A. Rybczyk, Independent Researcher, USA G.Srinivasan, Independent_Researcher, India, ........................................................	10
Geoffrey E. Willcher independent researcher USA Douglas S. Robbemond independent researcher the Netherlands khosrow fariborzi independent researcher Iran Etienne Bielen independent researcher Belgium Steve Newman independent researcher USA Ethan Skyler, Independent researcher,USA Yvon Dufour, Independent Researcher, Canada Jorge Ales Corona Independent Researcher Spain Cristiano De Angelis, Independent Researcher, Italy Roland Le Houillier, Independent Researcher, Canada ................................................	20
Richard Tobey Independent researcher USA Steve McMahon Independent researcher USA Eugene Savov, Independent researcher, Bulgaria Lars Woldseth, Independent researcher, Norway Robert L. Brueck, Independent researcher, USA Mark S Thornhill, Independent Researcher, United Kingdom Nainan. K. Varghese, Independent Researcher, India, Andrew Kulikovsky, Independent Researcher, Australia Charles Sven, Independent Researcher, USA Gabriele Manzotti, Independent Researcher, Italy .....................................................	30
Brian S. Clark independent researcher USA Jim O'Reilly Orion Consultants USA Geoffrey E. Willcher independent researcher USA Douglas S. Robbemond independent researcher the Netherlands khosrow fariborzi independent researcher Iran Etienne Bielen independent researcher Belgium Steve Newman independent researcher USA Thomas G. Franzel independent researcher USA Bernhard Reddemann independent researcher Germany Ives van Leth Waterboard Utrecht The Netherlands ...............................................	40
Jeroen van der Rijst independent researcher The Netherlands Harry Costas independent researcher Australia Andrei Wasylyk independent researcher Canada Jack Ruijs independent researcher The Netherlands Leo Sarasúa independent researcher The Netherlands Edward Smith independent researcher USA Linda Camp Harvard University USA Gary Meade independent researcher USA Stan Kabacinski independent researcher Australia Jack Dejong independent researcher USA ...........................................................	50
J.Georg von Brzeski Helios Labs. USA Nigel Edwards, Independent Researcher, Australia Dieter Schumacher, Independent Researcher, Germany Rudolf Kiesslinger, Independent Researcher, Germany Gerd Schulte, Independent Researcher, Germany Stuart Eves, Independent Researcher, UK James Marsen independent researcher USA Edgar Paternina independent researcher Colombia Donald E. Scott Independent_Researcher: USA José M?df; Cat Casanovas, Independent researcher, Spain ...........................................	60
Aaron Hill, Independent Researcher, USA, Hans-Dieter Radecke, Independent Researcher, Germany Mawell P Davis Independent Researcher New Zealand Gordon E. Mackay Independent Researcher USA Dave Sagar Independent Researcher USA Benjamin I. Iglesias Independent Researcher Spain Alper Kozan Independent Researcher Turkey Hartmut Warm, Independent Researcher, Germany Jan Mugele Independent Researcher Germany Andrew Rigg Independent Researcher Australia ......................................................	70
Thomas Riedel Independent researcher Denmark Helen Workman Independent researcher Canada Morris Anderson, Independent researcher,USA Mario Cosentino, Independent researcher, France Paul Richard Price, Independent researcher, United States Philip Lilien, Independent Researcher, USA Ott Köstner, Independent researcher, Estonia Bozidar Kornic, Independent researcher, USA William F. Hamilton, Independent researcher, U.S.A. Joel Morrison, Independent researcher, USA .......................................................	80
James R. Frass, Independent Researcher, Canada Arnold Wittkamp, Independent Researcher, Netherlands Dimi Chakalov, Independent Researcher, Bulgaria Herb Doughty, Independent Researcher, USA Robert F. Beck, Independent Researcher, UK Tuomo Suntola, Independent Researcher, Finland Richard Hillgrove, Independent Researcher, New Zealand Herbert J. Spencer, Independent Researcher, Canada Thomas B. Andrews, Independent Researcher, USA John Dean , Independent Researcher , South Africa ........................................................	90
Peter Loster , Independent Researcher , Germany Charles Francis, Independent Researcher , UK Ahmed Mowaffaq AlANNI , Independent Researcher , Iraq Mogens Wegener , Independent Researcher , DENMARK Peter Jakubowski, Independent Researcher , Germany John Brodix Merryman Jr. , Independent Researcher , USA Christian Boland , Independent Researcher , Belgium Warren S. Taylor, Independent Researcher, USA Constantin Leshan, Independent Researcher , Moldova Avid Samwaru, Independent Researcher, USA ......................................................	100
Thomas Goodey, Independent Researcher, UK Johan Masreliez, Independent Researcher, USA Efrèn Cañedo, Independent Researcher , Mèxico Michael Bliznetsov, Independent Researcher, Russia Peter Michalicka, Independent Researcher, Austria Ivan D. Alexander , Independent Researcher, S. Ray DeRusse, Independent Researcher, USA Chris Maharaj, Independent Researcher, Trinidad Peter Warlow, Independent Researcher, United Kingdom Gordon Wheeler, Independent Researcher, United States ..................................................	110
Boxer Ma, Independent Researcher, Thailand Robert Wido, Independent Researcher, United States John Hunter independent researcher U.K Marcelo de Almeida Bueno independent researcher Brazil Jean-Pierre Ady Fenyo, Independent Researcher, United Status Adam W.L. Chan , Independent Researcher , Hong Kong Renato Giussani independent researcher Italy Brian S. Clark independent researcher USA Mustafa Kemal Oyman, Independent Researcher, Turkey Richard Wayte, independent researcher, UK .......................................................	120
Ron Ragusa independent researcher USA N.Vivian Pope independent researcher UK Roy Caswell independent researcher United Kingdom Erin S. Myers independent researcher USA Ugo Nwaozuzu independent researcher Singapore Daniel Coman independent researcher USA Birgid Mueller independent researcher Mexico Mihail Gonta independent researcher Moldova Vladimir Rogozhin independent researcher Russia J. J. Weissmuller independent researcher USA .........................................................	130
Muhammed Anwar independent researcher India Geldtmeijer Djamidin independent researcher Netherlands Scott G. Beach independent researcher Canada Neil Hargreaves independent researcher UK julian braggins independent researcher Australia Kari Saarikoski, Independent_Researcher, Finland Marcelo de Almeida Bueno independent researcher Brazil Ron Ragusa independent researcher USA Brian S. Clark independent researcher USA Geoffrey E. Willcher independent researcher USA ..................................................	140
Douglas S. Robbemond independent researcher the Netherlands khosrow fariborzi independent researcher Iran Etienne Bielen independent researcher Belgium Steve Newman independent researcher USA John Hunter independent researcher U.K Jeroen van der Rijst independent researcher The Netherlands Thomas G. Franzel independent researcher USA Bernhard Reddemann independent researcher Germany Leo Sarasúa independent researcher The Netherlands Edward Smith independent researcher USA ..........................................................	150
Gary Meade independent researcher USA Stan Kabacinski independent researcher Australia Jack Dejong independent researcher USA Harry Costas independent researcher Australia Andrei Wasylyk independent researcher Canada Jack Ruijs independent researcher The Netherlands James Marsen independent researcher USA Edgar Paternina independent researcher Colombia Ghertza Roman, Independent_Researcher, Romania Roland Schubert, Independent_Researcher, Germany .....................................	160
Alexandre Wajnberg, Independent Researcher, Skyne, Belgium Dennis H Cowdrick Scientific Independent_Researcher: USA Michail Telegin Independent_Researcher: Russia Robert L Stafford, Independent_Researcher, USA Martin Sach, Independent_Researcher, UK Charles L. Sanders, Independent_Researcher, USA/South Korea Alex Carlson, Independent_Researcher, United States Lyndon Ashmore, Independent_Researcher, UK Liedmann, Matthias, Unaffiliated_Scientific_Researcher, Germany Ingvar Astrand, Independent_Researcher, Sweden .........................................	170
Olli Santavuori, Independent_Researcher, Finlande Touho Ankka, Independent_Researcher, Finland JR Croca, Independent_Researcher, Portugal Sol Aisenberg, Independent_Researcher, USA Mustafa Kemal OYMAN, Independent_Researcher, Turkey Gerard ZONUS, Independent_Researcher, FRANCE David W. Knight, Independent_Researcher, USA Marcel Lutttgens, Independent_Researcher, France Dr Stephen Birch, Independent_Researcher, United Kingdom Abramyan G.L., Independent_Researcher, Russia ..................................	180
Martin Peprnik, Independent_Researcher, Slowakia Van Den Hauwe, PhD, Independent_Researcher,: Belgium Ingvar Astrand, Independent_Researcher, Sweden Daniel Toohey, Independent_Researcher, Australia Jed Shlackman, M.S. Ed. (LMHC, C.Ht.), Independent_Researcher, USA Dr. John Michael Nahay, Independent_Researcher Guido Grzinic, Independent_Researcher, Australia .................	187

Other Signers

Charles Weber,USA David Gershon ,USA Peter G Smith ,USA Richard J. Lawrence ,USA Naszvadi László, Hungary Roger W. Browne, USA Bart Clauwens, Netherlands Noah Feiler-Poethke, USA Jonathan Hardy, UK John S. Kundrat, USA ...........................................................................	10
Vincent Sauve, USA Chris Somers, Australia Jagroop Sahota, USA Edgar Raab, Germany Gordon Hogenson, USA Burebista Dacia, Romania Christel Hahn, Germany Burebista Dacia, Romania Christel Hahn, Germany Robert Angstrom, USA ..............................................................................	20
Norman Chadwick, USA Harley Orr, USA Clive Martin-Ross, UK Alasdair Martin, UK Marcus Ellspermann, Germany Bruce Richardson, USA John Dill, USA Judith Woollard Australia Michael Cyrek USA Randall Meyers ITALY ...............................................................................................	30
Craig Arend USA Onur Cantimur Turkey Roland Scheel France Murat Isik Turkey Markus Hellebrandt Germany Mehmet Kara Turkey Abhishek Dey Das India D. N. Vazquez USA Suzan R. Rodenburg USA Shuming Zhang China .................................................................................................	40
Codie Vickers USA Richard Tobey USA Elfriede Steiner-Grillmair, Canada Gabriele Manzotti, Italy Michael Wember, USA Fuksz Levente, Romania Seppo Tuominen, Finland Marvin C. Katz, USA Laura Fridley, USA Michael Christian, U.S.A ...........................................................................................	50
Edgar S. Hill USA Q. John T. Malone USA Michael Bruttel Switzerland Eric W. LaFlamme USA Robert Diegis, Romania William S. Jarnagin, USA Kevin Glaser, USA Robert Diegis, Romania William S. Jarnagin, USA Kevin Glaser, USA ................................................................................................	60
JoAnn Arcuri USA Attila Csanyi USA Pratik Sinha India Donald C. Bull New Zealand Hans Walhout Netherlands Robyn Stewart Australia Tor Johannessen Norway Rick Schmidt USA Terence Watts UK Jody Fulford USA ............................................................................................	70
Gene Gordon USA Monica Veloso Alves Brazil Ferdi Prins South Africa Adam Hansil USA Herbert M Watson USA John Patchett UK Jurrie Noordijk, The Netherlands P.S. Phillips, U.S.A JoAnn Arcuri USA Martin Gradwell , ns, United Kingdom ..............................................................	80
Sami Murtomäki, Ns, Finland Anthony Abruzzo , United States Tim Reed, ns, USA Daniel Rijo , ns, USA Ken Couesbouc , ns, France David L. Harrison, United States Kees de Boer Tom HigginsUSA David Calder Hardy, New Zealand Jochen Moerman, Belgium .........................................................................	90
Berend de Boer, New Zealand Edward E. Rom, USA Jukka Kinnunen, Finland Jerome M. Hall, USA Maria Alvarez, Argentina Paul Chabot, Canada Julia, Russia Amr Malik: Canada Maureen Bevill, USA Horst Barwinek, Austria................................................................	100
Lindsay Smith, Australia Richard DeLano, USA. Stefan Landherr, Australia Peter Wilson, USA Gregory Kiser, USA .............................................................	105